Carlos Estrada

Carlos Estrada
Professor of Medicine

Senior Scholar (C), Interprof Sim for Innov Clinical Practice , Office of the Provost
Senior Scientist (C), Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research and Education (COERE) , General Clinical Research Center
Associate Scientist (C), Minority Health & Research Center , General Clinical Research Center
Senior Scientist (C), Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) , General Clinical Research Center
Professor (P), Medicine - General Internal Medicine , Department of Medicine
Division Director, Medicine - General Internal Medicine , Department of Medicine
Division Director, Medicine - General Internal Medicine , Department of Medicine

Overview

Carlos A. Estrada, MD, MS, is Chief of the Section of General Internal Medicine (GIM) at the Birmingham VAMC and Professor of Medicine, with tenure, and Director of the Division of General Internal Medicine, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). He is also Associate Provost for Interprofessional Education and Director, Center for Interprofessional Education & Simulation at UAB.

Estrada is a long-standing member of the Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM), he chaired the 2009 National meeting and served on Council, Deputy Editor, and Editorial Board for the Journal of General Internal Medicine (JGIM). He also served as President of the Association of Chiefs and Leaders of General Internal Medicine (ACLGIM, 2018-2019).

Dr. Estrada was a member of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME), USMLE Gross Anatomy & Embryology Test Material Development Committee (TMDC), United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). He served as member of the Editorial Board and Deputy Editor for The Journal of General Internal Medicine, CME Editor for ACP Medicine Chapter self-assessment program (American College of Physicians), and Editor of the Leadership Forum (Newsletter; Association of Chiefs and Leaders of General Internal Medicine, ACLGIM).

A native of Peru, he trained at Henry Ford Hospital and the University of Michigan School of Public Health. Dr Estrada worked at East Carolina University before joining UAB.

Selected Publications

Academic Article

Year	Title	Altmetric
2022	Impact of Virtual Interviewing on Geographic Placement for Cardiology Fellowship Recruitment. Journal of the American Heart Association. 11. 2022
2022	Exploring Match Space: How Medical School and Specialty Characteristics Affect Residency Match Geography in the United States. Academic Medicine. 97:1368-1373. 2022
2022	Barriers and facilitators for under-represented in medicine (URiM) medical students interested in surgical sub-specialties 2022
2021	Creating Clinician Educators: Evaluation of a One-Month Medical Education Curriculum for Senior Residents. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 362:606-611. 2021
2021	In Reply to Greenberg. Academic Medicine. 96:1499-1500. 2021
2021	Are We Measuring What Matters? How Student and Clerkship Characteristics Influence Clinical Grading. Academic Medicine. 96:241-248. 2021
2020	Sensitising medical students towards nurse-physician collaboration. Medical Education. 54:475-476. 2020
2019	Which Student Characteristics Are Most Important in Determining Clinical Honors in Clerkships? A Teaching Ward Attending Perspective. Academic Medicine. 94:1581-1588. 2019
2019	What Defines an Honors Student? Survey of Pediatric and Internal Medicine Faculty Perspectives. Southern Medical Journal. 112:450-454. 2019
2019	Clinical Reasoning Assessment Methods: A Scoping Review and Practical Guidance. Academic Medicine. 94:902-912. 2019
2019	Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or PCI in atrial fibrillation. New England Journal of Medicine. 380:1509-1524. 2019
2019	Identifying High-Performing Students in Inpatient Clerkships: A Qualitative Study. Medical Science Educator. 29:199-204. 2019
2019	Signed, Sealed, Delivered: Increasing Patient Notification of Test Results in an Internal Medicine Resident Continuity Clinic. Southern Medical Journal. 112:85-88. 2019
2019	What Attracts Medical Students to Primary Care? A Nominal Group Evaluation. Southern Medical Journal. 112:76-82. 2019
2018	Are All Teaching Activities Valued the Same? Their Relative Worth Is in the Eye of the Beholder. Southern Medical Journal. 111:465-469. 2018
2018	Engagement in an online cultural competency training. Southern Medical Journal. 111:199-202. 2018
2018	Exercises in Clinical Reasoning: Take a Time-Out and Reflect. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 33:388-392. 2018
2018	Analysis of the tonsillar microbiome in young adults with sore throat reveals a high relative abundance of Fusobacterium necrophorum with low diversity. PLoS One. 13. 2018
2017	First steps in improving blood pressure control among primary care hypertensive veterans utilizing quality improvement tools 2017
2017	Contextual influences of trainee characteristics and daily workload on trainee learning preferences. Journal of Hospital Medicine. 12:558-561. 2017
2017	Physician Order Entry Clerical Support Improves Physician Satisfaction and Productivity. Southern Medical Journal. 110:363-368. 2017
2017	Lessons Learned from a Middle-Aged Man with Testicular Pain: Exercises in Clinical Reasoning. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 32:355-359. 2017
2017	Exercises in Clinical Reasoning: A Retrospective. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 32:1-2. 2017
2017	Preclinical Medical Student Note Quality. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 353:387-388. 2017
2017	Sensitivity for Diagnosing Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis from Manufacturers is 10% Higher than Reported in Peer-Reviewed Publications. Southern Medical Journal. 110:59-64. 2017
2016	Empathy as a Diagnostic Tool in a 33-Year-Old Man with Eye Pain and Vision Loss: Exercises in Clinical Reasoning. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 31:1389-1392. 2016
2016	Clinical Reasoning Terms Included in Clinical Problem Solving Exercises?. Journal of graduate medical education. 8:180-184. 2016
2016	Managing Cognitive Load to Uncover an Unusual Cause of Syncope: Exercises in Clinical Reasoning. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 31:247-251. 2016
2015	Sore Throat: Avoid Overcomplicating the Uncomplicated. ACP journal club. 162:878. 2015
2015	Sore throat: Avoid overcomplicating the uncomplicated. Annals of Internal Medicine. 162:878. 2015
2015	A web-based cultural competency training for medical students: A randomized trial. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 349:442-446. 2015
2015	Impact of an educational intervention on provider knowledge, attitudes, and comfort level regarding counseling women ages 40–49 about breast cancer screening. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 8:209-216. 2015
2015	To Lead or Not to Lead? Structure and Content of Leadership Development Programs. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 30:543-545. 2015
2015	The clinical presentation of Fusobacterium-positive and streptococcal-positive pharyngitis in a university health clinic: A cross-sectional study. ACP journal club. 162:241-247. 2015
2014	Rapid Antigen Group A Streptococcus Test to Diagnose Pharyngitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 9. 2014
2014	Teaching behaviors that define highest rated attending physicians: A study of the resident perspective. Medical Teacher. 36:991-996. 2014
2014	Splenic infarcts associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 29:541-542. 2014
2014	A 22-year-old woman with abdominal pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 29:1074-1078. 2014
2014	Documenting quality improvement and patient safety efforts: the quality portfolio. A statement from the academic hospitalist taskforce.. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 29:214-218. 2014
2014	Evaluation of an advanced physical diagnosis course using consumer preferences methods: The nominal group technique. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 347:199-205. 2014
2014	Learning by doing: Observing an interprofessional process as an interprofessional team. Journal of Interprofessional Care. 28:249-251. 2014
2013	A multimethod approach for cross-cultural training in an internal medicine residency program 2013
2013	Nominal group technique: A tool for course evaluation. Medical Education. 47:1145. 2013
2013	A 76-year-old woman with diaphoresis and anxiety. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 28:1376-1380. 2013
2013	Bedside hand grip assessment with the sphygmomanometer. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 28:1381. 2013
2013	Clinical reasoning for the infectious disease specialist: A primer to recognize cognitive biases. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57:573-578. 2013
2013	Validation of a scoring tool to select clinical vignettes. Medical Education. 47:530-531. 2013
2013	NSTEMI or not: A 59-year-old man with chest pain and troponin elevation. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 28:583-590. 2013
2013	Challenges with continuity clinic and core faculty accreditation requirements. American Journal of Medicine. 126:550-556. 2013
2013	Decreasing the Ceiling Effect in Assessing Meeting Quality at an Academic Professional Meeting 2013
2013	Widening the differential for brain masses in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: Syphilitic cerebral gummata. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 346:253-255. 2013
2012	Medication intensification in diabetes in rural primary care: A cluster-randomised effectiveness trial. BMJ Open. 2. 2012
2012	Buyers beware: Lead poisoning due to ayurvedic medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 27:1384-1386. 2012
2012	Interprofessional Education in Action. The VA Quality Scholars Fellowship Program. Nursing Clinics of North America. 47:347-354. 2012
2012	Quality of Diabetes Mellitus Care by Rural Primary Care Physicians. Journal of Rural Health. 28:364-371. 2012
2012	A 60-year-old woman with chorea and weight loss. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 27:747-751. 2012
2012	The Hematology and Oncology Pediatric Patient: A Review of Fever and Neutropenia, Blood Transfusions, and Other Complex Problems. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine. 13:91-98. 2012
2012	Nominal group technique: A brainstorming tool for identifying areas to improve pain management in hospitalized patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine. 7:416-420. 2012
2012	Mastering improvement science skills in the new era of quality and safety: The Veterans Affairs National Quality Scholars Program. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 18:508-514. 2012
2012	Voluntary service and dermatology. Dermatologia Cosmetica Medica Y Quirurgica. 10:88-89. 2012
2012	Selecting the best clinical vignettes for academic meetings: Should the scoring tool criteria be modified?. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 27:202-206. 2012
2011	A web-based diabetes intervention for physician: A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 23:682-689. 2011
2011	Marketing to increase participation in a Web-based continuing medical education cultural competence curriculum. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 31:21-27. 2011
2011	Use of ecological momentary assessment to guide curricular change in graduate medical education.. Journal of graduate medical education. 3:162-167. 2011
2011	A middle-age woman with sudden onset dyspnea. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 26:551-554. 2011
2011	Evidence-based medicine training in a resource-poor country, the importance of leveraging personal and institutional relationships. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 17:644-650. 2011
2011	Patient complexity and diabetes quality of care in rural settings. Journal of the National Medical Association. 103:234-240. 2011
2011	What should we include in a cultural competence curriculum? An emerging formative evaluation process to foster curriculum development. Academic Medicine. 86:333-341. 2011
2010	Clinical prediction rule for stratifying risk of pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. PLoS One. 5. 2010
2010	An uncommon cause of headache. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 25:990. 2010
2010	Is physician engagement with web-based CME associated with patients' baseline hemoglobin A1c levels? the rural diabetes online care study. Academic Medicine. 85:1511-1517. 2010
2010	Recruitment of rural physicians in a diabetes internet intervention study: Overcoming challenges and barriers. Journal of the National Medical Association. 102:101-107. 2010
2009	Characteristics that predict physician participation in a Web-Based CME activity: The MI-Plus study. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 29:246-253. 2009
2009	Identifying key components for an effective case report poster: An observational study. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 24:393-397. 2009
2009	Scholarship opportunities for trainees and clinician educators: Learning outcomes from a case report writing workshop. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 24:398-401. 2009
2009	The department of veterans affairs national quality scholars fellowship program: Experience from 10 years of training quality scholars. Academic Medicine. 84:1741-1748. 2009
2007	Reasons for not intensifying medications: Differentiating "clinical inertia" from appropriate care. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 22:1648-1655. 2007
2007	'Correctiom:'Peer chart audits: A tool to meet Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competency in practice-based learning and improvement. Implementation Science. 2. 2007
2007	Does residency training improve performance of physical examination skills?. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 333:74-77. 2007
2006	Outpatient management of cirrhosis: A narrative review. Southern Medical Journal. 99:600-606. 2006
2006	How to be an outstanding reviewer for the Journal of General Internal Medicine . . .and other journals. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21:281-284. 2006
2005	Case reports and clinical vignettes. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 20:971. 2005
2005	The 10-minute oral presentation: What should I focus on?. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 329:306-309. 2005
2004	Literacy and numeracy skills and anticoagulation control. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 328:88-93. 2004
2003	Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 75:1392-1399. 2003
2003	Administrative data versus corrected administrative data. American Journal of Medical Quality. 18:38-45. 2003
2003	Association of pancreatitis with administration of contrast medium and intravenous lipid emulsion in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Southern Medical Journal. 96:66-69. 2003
2003	Pyrazinamide and rifampin vs isoniazid for the treatment of latent tuberculosis: Improved completion rates but more hepatotoxicity. Chest. 123:102-106. 2003
2002	Explaining evidence-based medicine in simple terms [3]. Family Medicine. 34:564. 2002
2000	Papanicolaou and wet mount smears have low sensitivity but high specificity for detecting vaginal trichomoniasis. BMJ Evidence Based Medicine. 5:186. 2000
2000	Systematic review of diagnostic tests for vaginal Trichomoniasis. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 8:248-257. 2000
2000	Reducing error, improving safety. British medical journal. 321:505. 2000
2000	Reporting and concordance of methodologic criteria between abstracts and articles in diagnostic test studies. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 15:183-187. 2000
2000	A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. American Journal of Medicine. 108:301-308. 2000
2000	Cost-effectiveness of low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 15:108-115. 2000
2000	Evaluation of guidelines for the use of telemetry in the non-intensive- care setting. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 15:51-55. 2000
2000	Anticoagulant patient information material is written at high readability levels. Stroke. 31:2966-2970. 2000
2000	Judging the effectiveness of clinical pathways for pneumonia: the role of risk adjustment.. Effective clinical practice : ECP. 3:221-228. 2000
2000	Reducing error, improving safety. Medical errors must be discussed during medical education.. British medical journal. 321:507-508. 2000
2000	Systematic review of diagnostic tests for vaginal trichomoniasis.. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 8:248-257. 2000
1999	Health literacy and numeracy [3] (multiple letters). Journal of the American Medical Association. 282:527. 1999
1999	Asymptomatic patients at high risk for deep venous thrombosis who receive inadequate prophylaxis should be screened. Southern Medical Journal. 92:1145-1150. 1999
1998	Acetaminophen and risk factors for excess anticoagulation with warfarin [1] (multiple letters). Journal of the American Medical Association. 280:695-697. 1998
1998	Zafirlukast in asthma.. ACP journal club. 128:70. 1998
1997	Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 72:117-135. 1997
1996	Balancing service and education: Improving internal medicine residencies in the managed care era. American Journal of Medicine. 100:224-229. 1996
1995	Role of telemetry monitoring in the non-intensive care unit. American Journal of Cardiology. 76:960-965. 1995
1994	Outcomes of patients hospitalized to a telemetry unit. American Journal of Cardiology. 74:357-362. 1994
1994	Limitations of the blood pressure response to the Valsalva maneuver as an estimate of left ventricular function 1994
1994	Positive affect improves creative problem solving and influences reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians. Motivation and Emotion. 18:285-299. 1994
1993	Patient preferences for novel therapy - An N-of-1 trial of garlic in the treatment for hypertension. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 8:619-621. 1993
1992	Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated with pulmonary hemorrhage: Wegener’s granulomatosis. Southern Medical Journal. 85:181-183. 1992
1990	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and rheumatoid arthritis. Southern Medical Journal. 83:599-600. 1990
1990	Eosinophilic myositis an expression of L-tryptophan toxicity?. Journal of Rheumatology. 17:1554-1556. 1990
1990	Esophageal involvement in secondary amyloidosis mimicking achalasia. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 12:447-450. 1990
1989	Types of epidemiological studies in Peruvian biomedical journals.. Epidemiological bulletin. 10:6-9. 1989
1989	Cerebral infarction associated with cocaine use. Henry Ford Hospital medical journal. 37:50-51. 1989
1988	Serum creatinine concentrations in healthy newborns: Reference ranges during the first five days of life. Henry Ford Hospital medical journal. 36:193-194. 1988

Chapter

Year	Title	Altmetric
2014	Implementation research: Beyond the traditional randomized controlled trial. 275-312. 2014
2008	Implementation research: Beyond the traditional randomized controlled trial. 217-244. 2008

Research Overview

Over the past 30 years, Dr. Estrada has led successful multi-disciplinary collaboration in the three mission areas: patient care, research, and education (national and international). Collaboration has included educators and clinicians from nursing, pediatrics, psychiatry, physical medicine, and hospital medicine. Notably, his early research on low-level literacy among elderly patients receiving anticoagulants led him to develop accessible-language brochures and to implement a nurse-led anticoagulation management service.

With over 100 publications, he has mentored dozens of faculty, fellows, residents, and students. He has applied broad range of research methodology (cross-sectional, cohort, clustered randomized trials, decision analysis, clinical reasoning, medical decision-making, and clinical prediction rules).

Principal Investigator On

Improving Cultural Competency: An Online Case-Based Curriculum awarded by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/NIH/DHHS

RIME: Research and Innovation in Medical Education awarded by UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA HEALTH SERVICES FOUNDATION

Investigator On

How Much is an Educator Worth? Translation Education Activities into Work RVU Equivalents: The Education Value Unit (EVU) awarded by UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA HEALTH SERVICES FOUNDATION

Sentinel Surveillance for Macrollde-Reslstant Mycoplasma Pneumonlae at Select Sites In the United States awarded by CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/DHHS

UAB Inpatient Procedure Service awarded by UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA HEALTH SERVICES FOUNDATION

Teaching Overview

Estrada has research and education interests in quality improvement, clinical reasoning, and medical education - recently, by identifying characteristics of high –performing medical students. He is interested in faculty personal and professional development – in particular women and under-represented minority.

Estrada Co-Directs the Birmingham VAMC, Quality Scholars Fellowship, https://www.vaqs.org/birmingham/, supported by the Office of Academic Affiliations (https://www.va.gov/oaa ). Funded continuously since its inception, our program site is known for interprofessional training, quality and safety education, health services research, surgical outcomes, and inpatient quality care (nurse-led interventions and others). Our site includes fellows from nursing (pre/post PhD and DNP doctoral students), pharmacy, and medicine (from surgery and medicine- including GIM, Hospital Medicine and other sub specialties).

He co-edited a Joint Commission book with two nurse leaders and a physician from the VAQS program. Splaine, M. E., Dolansky, M. A., Patrician, P. A., Estrada, C. A. Editors. Oakbrook: Joint Commission Resources; Practice-based Learning and Improvement: A Clinical Improvement Action Guide, 3rd Edition. 2012.

Funded by Fogarty International Center (Peru ICOHRTA Network for AIDS/TB Research Training), the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Cayetano Heredia University, Dr. Estrada has taught decision analysis, evidence-based medicine, and innovations in medical education to Peruvian faculty.